Exceptions to urban bias in Latin America: Cuba and Costa Rica
探讨拉丁美洲农民在何种结构条件下能够繁荣，指出古巴和哥斯达黎加是城市偏见模式的两个例外，分别由社会主义精英和民主政权促成。
This essay speculates on the structural conditions under which the peasantry in Latin America is able to prosper. Contemporary Latin American states invariably meddle in agricultural markets. Despite government affirmations to the contrary, peasants ordinarily do not benefit from state intervention in the agricultural sector. However, there are two exceptions to this pattern in Latin America, and surprisingly they are the cases which ideologically bracket the political spectrum in the region ‐ Cuba and Costa Rica. These two cases suggest that the proclivity towards urban bias can be thwarted by the socialist ideology of a well‐ensconced and politically invulnerable elite, such as in Cuba, or by a vigorous democratic regime, such as Costa Rica.