How Rapidly Does New Industrial Technology Leak Out?
基于100家美国企业的数据，研究发现关于开发决策的信息平均在12到18个月内被竞争对手获知，而新产品或工艺的详细信息和操作细节大约在一年内泄露。这对创新激励和防止技术外流的公共政策有重要启示。
There have been no systematic empirical studies of the speed at which various kinds of technological information leak out to rival firms. To help fill this gap, data were obtained from 100 American firms. According to the results, information concerning development decisions is generally in the hands of rivals within about 12 to 18 months, on the average, and information concerning the detailed nature and operation of a new product or process generally leaks out within about a year. These results have important implications both for incentives for innovation and for public policies aimed at stemming the outflow of technology.