Determining the economic gains from regulation at the extensive and intensive margins
研究了污染监管中集约边际政策对粗放边际的扭曲效应，发现结合氮税与土地使用税比单独氮税成本效率高约18%，比地下水处理等场外减排高58%。
Among the second-best approaches for the regulation of pollution, little attention has been paid to the distorting effect of intensive margin policies on the extensive margin. This article shows, within a dynamic framework, that regulation of the intensive margin has to be complemented by regulation of the extensive margin. Depending on the elasticity of the pollution function with respect to nitrogen use, the appropriate regulation at the extensive margin is zero, a tax or a subsidy. We show empirically that combining a nitrogen tax with land-use taxes is about 18 per cent more cost efficient than a nitrogen tax alone and 58 per cent more efficient than off-site abatement in the form of groundwater treatment.