The role of ports in the making of major cities: Self-agglomeration and hub-effect
提出一个空间经济发展演化模型，解释集聚经济与交通枢纽效应如何相互作用促成主要城市形成，并说明为何港口城市在水运优势过时后仍持续繁荣，以及如何通过短期恶化交通连接来促进产业从核心区向边缘区分散。
This paper proposes an evolutionary model of spatial economic development in which agglomeration economies and the hub-effect of transport nodes interplay in the making of major cities. The model explains the irreversibility of spatial economic development such as the continuing prosperity of port cities even after their initial advantage of water-access had become irrelevant. It is also shown that in order to decentralize industries from the core region to a periphery region, a temporary protection of industries in the periphery by worsening the transport connection with the core for a short period of time may be desirable.