Differential and More Favorable Treatment of Developing Countries and the International Trading System
分析关贸总协定中对发展中国家的差别和更优惠待遇，指出其源于发展中国家内向型政策和关贸总协定的重商主义，但随时间推移，保护主义吸引力下降，发达国家不愿再给予差别待遇，导致较先进发展中国家面临“毕业”压力，并探讨了更充分平等参与的利弊。
This article argues that “differential and more favourable treatment” of developing countries in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has been a logical consequence of their own inward-looking policies and the GATT's implicit mercantilism, the latter implying that liberalization, being costly, should not be demanded of relatively poor countries. Time has, however, reduced both the appeal of the protectionist model of development and the willingness of developed countries to accord differential treatment. The upshot has been pressure on more advanced developing countries to “graduate” and a growing literature recommending fuller and more equal participation of developing countries in the GATT. The case for fuller and more equal participation is not self-evident. It needs to be assessed on its merits in terms of the prospects for improved market access abroad and more efficient policy at home. The analysis indicates that the potential benefits should not be oversold. On balance, however, the most advanced developing countries would probably gain from active and more equal participation in both GATT and the multilateral trade negotiations while the remaining developing countries would benefit from graduation by the more advanced.