RACIAL BELIEFS, LOCATION, AND THE CAUSES OF CRIME*
用一个统一框架解释为何黑人犯罪更多、居住更偏远且工资更低：即使毫无根据，只要人们普遍认为黑人更易犯罪，就会导致黑人工资降低、远离工作，进而因犯罪机会成本下降而更可能犯罪，使信念自我实现。
This article provides a unified explanation for why blacks commit more crime, are located in poorer neighborhoods, and receive lower wages than whites. If everybody believes that blacks are more criminal than whites—even if there is no basis for this—then blacks are offered lower wages and, as a result, locate further away from jobs. Distant residence increases even more the black–white wage gap because of more tiredness and higher commuting costs. Blacks have thus a lower opportunity cost of committing crime and become indeed more criminal than whites. Therefore, beliefs are self‐fulfilling.