Competition and Demographics in Large Indian Cities
研究了印度城市中家庭非工作成年人数量（代表购物时间机会成本）对零售商之间竞争强度的影响，发现该人口特征对竞争有显著作用，并讨论了印度非工作人口减少的政策含义。
Abstract Recent studies suggest that consumer-household attributes may be as important in determining the level of competition in certain markets as firm characteristics and the number of firms. However, evidence on which consumer-household attributes matter for competition is limited, especially for developing countries. Focusing on India's retail sector, this article contributes to this literature by showing that the number of adult non-workers per household in the city, a proxy for shopping time opportunity cost, has a strong effect on competition between retailers. Policy implications of our findings in light of the ongoing dramatic reductions in non-workers in India are discussed.