Union Membership, Union Organization and the Dispersion of Wages
使用方差成分模型分析工会渗透率对工会部门和非工会部门工资离散度的影响，发现工会渗透率与工会部门工资离散度降低显著相关，但对非工会部门影响不显著。
A variance components model explains wage dispersion with a specific version of generalized least squares. The estimation preserves individual data while examining the influence of union penetration on dispersion in both the union and nonunion sectors. Controlling for both individual and industry characteristics and for the endogeneity of wages, union penetration correlates strongly with reduced dispersion in the union sector but not in the nonunion sector. A decomposition reveals the relative importance of the influences of union penetration and of union membership. Copyright 1990 by MIT Press.