On firm‐ and product‐specific true protection
扩展了真实保护模型，提出企业和产品层面的真实保护指数，并推广了原有结论，指出忽略替代可能性会导致保护评估错误。
Efforts at providing relevant indices of incentive structure, comparative advantage and international competitiveness have led to the concept of true protection. Such a framework can be used to analyse the incidence of protection across sectors. Analysis has so far been carried out under the assumption of a uniform tariff, and calculations limited to average rates; nothing could then be said with respect to the incidence at the firm or product level. This article expands on an existing model by (1) presenting firm‐ and product‐specific true protection indices, (2) generalising previous conclusions on true protection to encompass firm‐ and product‐specific analysis. It is shown that failure to take into consideration substitution possibilities may yield incorrect evaluation of the structure and level of protection.