Racing with Uncertainty
构建了两个包含技术不确定性和战略互动的竞赛模型，分析竞争强度如何影响参赛者的努力水平。研究发现，领先者比追随者付出更多努力，且差距越小努力越大。
The paper presents two models of races in which there is both technological uncertainty and strategic interaction between competitors as the race unfolds. Most of the existing literature examines one or other of these features, but not the two combined. Our aim is to see how the efforts of competitors in a race vary with the intensity of rivalry between them. In our principal model, whch is of a one-dimensional race, it is shown that the leader in the race makes greater efforts than the follower, and efforts increase as the gap between competitors decreases. Under certain conditions the same results hold in our second, related model, which is of a two-dimensional race.