Regulating External Threats in the Cigarette Industry
研究了三十年间吸烟与健康争议中烟草行业如何调节外部干扰以保护自身，发现第三方行为对争议结果至关重要。
The authors thank Rudi Bresser, Catharine Buttinger, Pat Jolley, Wendy Liu, Jerry Salancik, Toni Wilkinson, and the anonymous ASQ reviewers for their assistance. This paper was supported in part by a grant from the Tenneco Fund Program at the Graduate School of Business Administration, New York University. The paper applies theoretical ideas about how threatened systems regulate external disturbances in an organizational context. The pattern of events in the controversy surrounding smoking and health was examined over a thirty-year period to determine whether the cigarette industry effectively regulated environmental disturbances to protect itself from potential threats. Both the extended theory and the empirical analysis demonstrate that the presence of third-party actors and the positions they take are critical in determining the outcomes of controversy.