The Impact of Added Cultural Distance and Cultural Diversity on International Expansion Patterns: A Penrosean Perspective
研究了新增文化距离和现有文化多样性如何影响跨国公司的国际扩张节奏，发现高新增文化距离会因动态调整成本抑制后续扩张，而高文化多样性会增加治理复杂度，从而减少进一步的文化距离增加。
abstract International strategy research has identified a variety of multinational enterprise (MNE) expansion patterns. Some MNEs appear to expand internationally at a stable rate, whereas others expand rapidly in one period and then tend to experience slower growth. The latter pattern suggests the occurrence of the Penrose effect. We identified two determinants of these diverging patterns. First, we propose that high levels of added cultural distance (reflecting expansion into new local contexts) during one period, may negatively affect further international expansion because of dynamic adjustment costs. Second, we suggest that managing a network of subsidiaries operating in a set of local contexts with high cultural diversity, increases environmental and internal governance complexity. Extant cultural diversity of the local contexts where the MNE is active in a first period may therefore discourage adding further cultural distance. We test the hypothesized relationships using a panel of 91 German companies.