Why People Vote: Ethical Motives and Social Incentives
提出一个简单框架，解释人们因公民义务或社会形象而投票，发现投票率受选举激烈程度、投票行为可见性及社会奖惩影响，并探讨社区监督和选民动员对选举竞争的含义。
Some individuals vote because they are motivated by a civic duty to do so, whereas others may vote because they wish to appear prosocial to others. This paper proposes a simple framework that captures these motivations, and provides results consistent with findings on turnout, e.g., that turnout is responsive to the expected closeness and importance of an election, to the observability of one's choice to vote, and to social rewards and punishments associated with voting. We study various extensions of this framework in which community monitoring plays a role, and explore the implications that voter mobilization has for electoral competition.