Me and us: differential relationships among goal‐setting training, efficacy and effectiveness at the individual and team level
研究目标设定培训对个体护士和护理团队的效能与有效性的影响，发现培训提升个体自我效能和有效性，但对团队有效性无直接作用，且初始自我效能低的个体获益更多。
Abstract Efficacy‐effectiveness relationships were examined for individual nurses and nursing teams who were either trained or untrained in goal‐setting. At the individual level, positive direct relationships were demonstrated between self‐efficacy and effectiveness, between training and subsequent self‐efficacy, and between training and effectiveness. Initial self‐efficacy also moderated the training‐effectiveness relationship. Nurses low in initial self‐efficacy realized greater effectiveness gains from the training than did nurses high in initial self‐efficacy. At the team level, group efficacy was related to effectiveness, and training was related to subsequent group efficacy, but training was not related to effectiveness, and there were no moderation effects for initial group efficacy. Collective cognition and behavioral plasticity are potential explanations for different effects at the individual and team level and avenues for theory development and future research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.