Agroindustrialization through institutional innovation Transaction costs, cooperatives and milk‐market development in the east‐African highlands
研究东非高地小农户参与牛奶市场的交易成本障碍，分析合作社如何降低这些成本并促进市场参与，基于埃塞俄比亚高原城郊奶农样本的Tobit模型估计了非参与者的市场距离和所需投入水平。
Abstract Some small‐holders are able to generate reliable and substantial income flows through small‐scale dairy production for the local market; for others, a set of unique transaction costs hinders participation. Cooperative selling institutions are potential catalysts for mitigating these costs, stimulating entry into the market, and promoting growth in rural communities. Trends in cooperative organization in east‐African dairy are evaluated. Empirical work focuses on alternative techniques for effecting participation among a representative sample of peri‐urban milk producers in the Ethiopian highlands. The variables considered are a modern production practice (cross‐bred cow use), a traditional production practice (indigenous‐cow use), three intellectual‐capital‐forming variables (experience, education, and extension), and the provision of infrastructure (as measured by time to transport milk to market). A Tobit analysis of marketable surplus generates precise estimates of non‐participants' ‘distances’ to market and their reservation levels of the covariates — measures of the inputs necessary to sustain and enhance the market. Policy implications focus on the availability of cross‐bred stock and the level of market infrastructure, both of which have marked effects on participation, the velocity of transactions in the local community and, inevitably, the social returns to agroindustrialization.