Order of entry and performance in new markets
研究比较了先驱者、早期跟随者和晚期进入者三类企业的战略与绩效，发现先驱者平均表现优于后来者，基于PIMS数据库的初创和成长企业样本。
A prevalent view among both academics and managers is that pioneers enjoy an enduring advantage over all later market entrants. The study reported in this paper tests this assertion by comparing the behavior and performance of three entrant categories—namely, pioneers, early followers and late entrants. A population ecology model is used to develop a set of hypotheses and these are tested on samples of start-up and adolescent businesses from the PIMS data base. The results show the three entrant categories to have significantly different strategic profiles and performance levels, with pioneers tending, on the average, to outperform later entrants.