Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Regression Models with First Order Moving Average Errors when the Root Lies on the Unit Circle
研究一阶移动平均过程系数真值为1时最大似然估计的性质，发现似然函数在真值附近存在局部最大值，且可计算有限样本中最大值恰在真值的概率，对理解过度差分检验有参考价值。
This paper considers the maximum likelihood estimator of the first order moving average process when the true value of the coefficient is one. The results are also extended to regression analysis. It is shown that there is a local maximum of the likelihood function within an interval of O(T -1) of the true value and also that the probability that the maximum occurs exactly at the true value can be calculated in finite samples. IN THIS PAPER, we consider the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the coefficient (p) of a first order moving average (MA(1)) process when the true value of the coefficient is plus or minus one. The results are also extended to regression equations with errors generated by the MA(1) process. Our study has been motivated chiefly by two factors. First, it has been sometimes suggested that the occurrence of a maximum near or at p = 1 could be interpreted as evidence for over-differencing [4, 13]. While this does not present any difficulty for exact maximum likelihood estimation procedures [12], we need to consider the properties of the maximum likelihood estimates of p when true p = 1 in order to apply conventional test procedures (e.g. the likelihood ratio test). Second, Kang [9] has shown that the likelihood function is stationary at p = 1 and simulation studies on the behavior of the MLE of p reveal that the global maximum can occur at p = 1 even if the true p is within the invertibility region [9, 5]. There are two main results in this paper. First, we show that there is a local maximum of the likelihood function (p) such that (p - 1) is of O(T 1) but p is not asymptotically normally distributed. Second, it is shown possible to calculate the exact probability that p = 1 is a local maximum of the likelihood function in finite samples. Although we focus only on local maxima near or at p = 1, by constructing arguments similar to those of Jennrich [8] or Sargan [14] it can be shown that the global maximum has probability limit one in large samples so that the properties of these maxima would seem to be of primary interest asymptotically in considering the global MLE.