Decentralization, Duplication, and Delay
分析分权在寻找低成本方案时的优势与协调问题（导致延误或重复），指出分权在低紧迫性或高私有信息时有利，但在紧迫且私有信息不重要时不利，并探讨大数效应下协调问题在极限中消失。
The authors argue that, although decentralization has advantages in finding low-cost solutions, these advantages are accompanied by coordination problems, which lead to delay or duplication of effort or both. Consequently, decentralization is desirable when there is little urgency or a great deal of private information, but it is strictly undesirable in urgent problems when private information is less important. The authors also examine the effect of large numbers and find that coordination problems disappear in the limit if distributions are common knowledge. Copyright 1990 by University of Chicago Press.