Foci and Bases of Commitment: Are They Distinctions Worth Making?
研究考察了承诺对象（员工对个人或群体的依附）和承诺基础（产生依附的动机）对传统承诺概念的贡献，发现对高层、主管和工作组的承诺能额外预测工作满意度、离职意向和组织公民行为。
This study examined the contribution of two concepts to the conventional view of commitment: foci of commitment, the individuals and groups to whom an employee is attached, and bases of commitment, the motives engendering attachment. Commitment to top management, supervisor, and work group were important determinants of job satisfaction, intent-to quit, and prosocial organizational behaviors over and above commitment to an organization. Compliance, identification, and internalization as bases of commitment were unique determinants above and beyond commitment to the foci.