Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences
估算了76个发展中国家、转型国家和OECD国家的影子经济规模，发现其平均规模分别为GDP的39%、23%和12%，并分析了税收、社保负担、政府监管和腐败对影子经济的影响，以及影子经济对官方GDP增长的负面作用。
Using various methods, the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries is estimated. Average size varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD countries, to 23 percent for transition countries and 39 percent for developing countries. Increasing taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulations are driving forces for the increase of the shadow economy, especially in OECD countries. According to some findings, corruption has a positive impact on the size of the shadow economy, and a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth.