Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy
区分了网络效应与网络外部性，认为后者作为市场失灵在理论上脆弱且缺乏实证支持，部分网络外部性仅为货币性的，网络所有权或参与者交易可内部化某些网络效应。
Economists have defined ‘network externality’ and have examined putative inframarginal market failures associated with it. This paper distinguishes between network effects and network externalities, where the latter are market failures. The authors argue that while network effects are important, network externalities are theoretically fragile and empirically undocumented. Some network externalities are merely pecuniary. Network ownership or transactions among network participants can internalize some network effects. The type of market failure that has been associated with these externalities is a transition problem that has little to do with externality.