Craft Labor and Mechanization in Nineteenth-Century American Canning
研究了十九世纪美国罐头制造业中两种机械化路径：节省劳动力的自动化设备与去技能化的人力资本节省机器，发现工厂主更关注后者以增强管理控制，而工匠通过组织力量和争取高工资刺激了去技能化机器的早期研发。
The development of new machinery in nineteenth-century American canning followed two paths. Automative, labor-saving devices were developed to replace labor in unskilled tasks while deskilling, human-capital-saving machinery was designed to make craft labor more replaceable. Cannery operators appear to have focused on deskilling machinery as the key to greater managerial control over production. Craft workers through organizational power and pressing for higher wages seem to have stimulated the early and sustained search for deskilling machinery. Because human-capital-saving machinery allowed wage cuts, they could be adopted prior to their being used as labor-saving devices.