Microfoundations of Macroeconomic Price Adjustment: Survey Evidence from Swedish Firms
基于瑞典企业调查，发现企业平均每年调价一次，状态依赖与时间依赖定价同等重要，价格刚性主因是隐性合同、成本粘性、显性合同和弯折需求曲线，长期客户关系是关键。
This paper presents the results of a survey on price-setting behavior conducted on a large random sample of Swedish firms. The median firm adjusts the price once a year. State- and time-dependent price setting are about equally important. The four highest-ranked explanations for price rigidity in this study (implicit contracts, sluggish costs, explicit contracts, and the kinked demand curve) have close correspondents among the top five places in two similar large-scale surveys carried out in the UK and the U.S. The results point to the importance of the long-term relations with customers for the rigidity of prices (the estimated share of sales that go to regular customers is more than 80%).