The effect of managed care on use of health care services: results from two contemporaneous household surveys
利用美国两项全国代表性家庭调查数据，采用模拟计量方法处理参保内生性，发现加入健康维护组织（HMO）后每年看医生次数增加2次、急诊增加0.1次，且结果在两调查中高度一致。
This paper estimates treatment effects of managed care plans on the utilization of health care services using data from two contemporaneous, nationally representative household surveys from the USA. The paper exploits recent advances in simulation-based econometrics to take the endogeneity of enrollment into managed care plans into account and identify the causal relationship between managed care enrollment and utilization. Overall, results from the two surveys are remarkably similar, lending credibility to their external validity and to the econometric model and estimation methods. There is significant evidence of self-selection into managed care plans. After accounting for selection, an individual enrolled in an health maintenance organization (HMO) plan has 2 more visits to a doctor and has 0.1 more visits to the emergency room per year than would the same individual enrolled in a nonmanaged care plan.