The Politics of Technological Upgrading: International Transfer to and Adaptation of GM Cotton in Argentina
研究了阿根廷转基因棉花的国际转移与适应过程，发现跨国公司利用其技术升级能力作为谈判工具，促使东道国改变影响其多项业务的规则，从而影响技术升级。
We describe patterns of international transfer to and adaptation of genetically modified (GM) cotton in Argentina, and ask whether political bargaining between the technology owner, a multinational enterprise (MNE), and host country actors may have influenced upgrading. We suggest that the MNE was able to use its exclusive capacity to upgrade GM cotton technologies as a negotiation tool to persuade host actors to change the rules that affected its multi-lines of business in the country. This implies wider policy scope to encourage technology upgrading; host actors could negotiate over a wider range of aspects of interest to MNEs.