The fates of De Novo and De Alio producers in the American Automobile Industry 1885-1981
研究美国汽车制造商从1885到1981年的数据，比较新创企业与跨行业进入企业的生存表现，发现进入模式的影响随企业生命周期变化，并考察了不同来源行业（如自行车、马车、发动机制造商）的生存差异。
Do laterally diversifying firms outlast new startups? Or does organizational inertia give the advantage to startups? We explore these questions here using the experiences of American automobile manufacturers from 1885 through 1981. We advance and test an integrative model that allows the organizational effects of entry mode to vary across the firm's life cycle. We also compare the life chances of laterally diversifying firms by industry of origin, including especially bicycle, carriage and engine manufacturers. Findings show the potentially integrative value of an evolutionary approach to strategy.