Risk Sharing Within the United States: What Do Financial Markets and Fiscal Federalism Accomplish?
用新方法衡量美国各州收入增长的不确定性，发现金融市场和联邦财政政策将州特定收入增长不确定性的标准差降低了不到一半，若投资组合更分散则风险分担程度会更高。
We measure income uncertainty at the level of U.S. states, and the extent to which it has been reduced through risksharing, using a method recently developed by Athanasoulis and van Wincoop (2000). Risk is measured as the standard deviation of state-specific income growth uncertainty, measured by using the error term of a regression of income growth on variables in the information set. Risk sharing is measured by the extent to which this standard deviation has been reduced through financial markets and federal fiscal policy. The advantage of this measure over the existing risk sharing literature is that the interpretation does not depend on many auxiliary assumptions. Our findings on the extent of risk sharing are insensitive to the only assumption we need to make, the variables that are in the information set. We find that the standard deviation of state-specific income growth uncertainty is reduced by less than half through financial markets and federal fiscal policy. We show that the extent of risk sharing would be much higher if agents held better diversified portfolios across the states. © 2001 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology