Estimating the effect of smoking on birth outcomes using a matched panel data approach
使用匹配算法构建面板数据，通过固定效应回归控制个体异质性，估计吸烟对生育结果的因果效应，发现结果与普通最小二乘法和工具变量法显著不同。
Abstract Estimating the casual effect of smoking on birth outcomes is difficult since omitted (unobserved) variables are likely to be correlated with a mother's decision to smoke. While some previous work has dealt with this endogeneity problem by using instrumental variables, this paper instead attempts to estimate the smoking effect from panel data (i.e., data on mothers with multiple births). Panel data sets are constructed with matching algorithms applied to federal natality data. The fixed effects regressions, which control for individual heterogeneity, yield significantly different results from ordinary least squares and previous instrumental variable approaches. The potential inconsistency caused by ‘false matches’ and other violations of the fixed effects strict exogeneity assumption are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.