Nonmarket Household Time and the Cost of Children
利用比利时和德国的调查数据，估算有子女的成年人参与劳动市场时，为维持家庭福祉所需的收入补偿，发现全职工作的父母比无子女者面临更高的子女成本和劳动参与补偿。
Raising children demands a considerable amount of parental time, obliging working parents either to reduce their leisure time further or to buy childcare services in the market. Parents may face additional opportunity costs upon deciding to participate in the labor market, but these are difficult to measure. Using a survey instrument in Belgium and Germany, we estimate the income compensation needed to maintain family well-being when adults work versus when they do not enter the labor market. In both countries we find that full-time working parents face extra child costs and require higher labor market participation compensation compared with childless adults.