The experience of EMAS in three European countries: a cultural and competitive analysis
运用霍夫斯泰德文化维度理论和波特国家钻石模型，分析德国、法国和西班牙三国在EMAS（生态管理与审计计划）参与率差异的文化与竞争力原因，并提出提高南欧国家参与度的建议。
Abstract EMAS, the European Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme, has been open for participation for six years now. Looking at registrations per country, a concentration of registrations in northern European countries is evident. The first part of this article investigates potential reasons by applying two popular models. Geert Hofstede's four cultural dimensions are used to explain favourable or unfavourable conditions for EMAS in a country. Michael E. Porter's national diamond is used to investigate determinants for national competitiveness and their influence on environmental management. These two frameworks are applied to Germany as a benchmark and France and Spain as representatives of southern European countries. In the second part of the article conclusions are drawn from this investigation on the influence of national culture, conditions and incentives for EMAS in these countries. Lastly actions for increased participation in EMAS of southern European countries are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment