The Organization of Sports Leagues
比较了欧洲升降级制与美国封闭式联赛的激励结构和效率，发现欧洲系统更优，而美国的多联赛并行系统在季后赛资格确定上更高效，并指出两大系统均因垄断导致顶级联赛球队数量不足。
Sports leagues have been organized in many different ways. This essay examines the incentive structure and efficiency of different forms of league organization, including the methods for scheduling games, admitting new members, and making operational decisions. The article also compares operations and outcomes in Europe and North America, and concludes that the European system of promotions and relegation is superior to the closed structure of American leagues, and that the American system of multiple parallel leagues to determine qualifications and seeding in a post-season tournament is efficiency enhancing. The article also discusses the optimal size and number of leagues, and concludes that both the European and American systems produce too few major-league teams, largely because they have permitted major leagues to be monopolies. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.