Measuring Financial Inclusion: Explaining Variation in Use of Financial Services across and within Countries
基于148个国家成年人储蓄、借贷、支付和风险管理的用户端数据，衡量全球金融包容性（使用正规金融服务的成年人比例），并分析国家层面和个体层面的差异，发现50%的成年人拥有正规账户，但渗透率因经济发展水平和收入群体而异，未开户者面临成本、距离和文件要求等障碍。
This paper summarizes the first publicly available, user-side data set of indicators that measure how adults in 148 countries save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. We use the data to benchmark financial inclusion—the share of the population that uses formal financial services—in countries around the world, and to investigate the significant country- and individual-level variation in how adults use formal and informal financial systems to manage their day-to-day finances and plan for the future. The data show that 50 percent of adults worldwide are "banked," that is, have an account at a formal financial institution, but also that account penetration varies across countries by level of economic development and across income groups within countries. For the half of all adults around the world who remain unbanked, the paper documents reported barriers to account use, such as cost, distance, and documentation requirements, which may shed light on potential market failures and provide guidance to policymakers in shaping financial inclusion policies.