The Art and Science of Planning at the Business Unit Level
提出一个理论框架，根据因果关系的确定性和环境变化程度，区分不同规划方法，并探讨适合单一业务或非多元化企业的领导与决策风格。
This paper attempts to relate the conditions that require different planning approaches. A theoretical planning framework is presented that considers the confidence of causal linkages coupled with the extent of environmental change. Prior planning research is synthesized to speculate on the appropriate leadership and decision-making styles for single-businesses, nondiversified firms, or divisions of diversified firms. Examples of computational, consensual, contingency, and conceptual planning systems are also provided.