Workplace characteristics and health care cost containment practices
从制度视角研究工作场所特征（如地点、员工规模、教育水平、种族性别年龄构成）与三种医疗成本控制策略（传统保险管理、替代保险计划、员工健康消费发展）的关系，发现城市位置、员工数、教育水平与策略相关，而种族性别年龄仅影响员工发展实践。
Working from an institutional perspective, this study tested hypotheses about the relationships between workplace characteristics and health care cost containment practices. The analyses show that urban location of the workplace, number of employees, and education level of the workforce are related to three different cost containment strategies: the management of utilization with traditional indemnity insurance plans; offering of alternative health insurance plans (HMOs); and employee development relative to health care consumption. Workplaces with greater proportions of black or female employees were less likely and those with older workers were more likely to engage in employee development practices. The race, gender, and age variables were not significantly related to the other strategies. Unionization was not significantly related to any of the three strategies in the multivariate model. These findings are proposed to have implications for human resource management, as well as for health care policy and reform efforts.