Lifetime and Annual Marginal Costs of Redistribution in England, Sweden, and the United States
计算了英格兰、瑞典和美国再分配的年度和终身边际成本，发现瑞典的终身边际成本显示额外再分配会同时降低穷人和非穷人的收入。
Both the annual and lifetime marginal costs of redistribution in England, Sweden, and the United States are calculated. The annual marginal cost of redistribution is $2.90 in the United States, $3.53 in England, and $6.77 in Sweden. The lifetime marginal cost of redistribution is $4.46 in the United States and $7.96 in England. The lifetime marginal cost of redistribution in Sweden indicates that additional redistribution reduces the incomes of both the poor and nonpoor. This study also shows that when there is greater income equality, the marginal tax rate at which the incomes of the poor and nonpoor begin to be reduced will be at lower and lower levels. Copyright 1993 by MIT Press.