Asymmetric International Minimum Quality Standards and Vertical Differentiation
构建了一个跨越两国的纵向差异化双寡头模型，比较了最低质量标准相同和不同时均衡质量、价格、利润和消费者剩余的变化，发现更严格的标准会降低价格和利润但提高质量和消费者剩余。
This paper develops a two-country model of a vertically differentiated duopoly that spans two countries which are not integrated without additional costs. Equilibrium qualities, prices, profits, and consumer's surplus are compared when (1) minimum quality standards are identical and (2) standards differ across countries. Both markets turn out to be connected by the quality choices of the two firms. Both firms' prices in the two countries and their profits are lower, whereas consumer's surplus and the two offered qualities are higher in both countries if no firm is forced out of the country's market with the more demanding minimum quality standard. Copyright 1995 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.