The Use of Modular Organizational Forms: An Industry-Level Analysis
研究了为什么某些行业比另一些行业更广泛采用模块化组织形式（如合同制造、替代工作安排和联盟），基于330个美国制造业行业的数据进行检验。
In many industries, integrated hierarchical organizations have been replaced by nonhierarchical entities that are permeable, interconnected, and modular. Other industries, however, maintain relatively high levels of integration. We use the logic of general systems modularity to explain why in some industries there is a greater use of modular organizational forms, including contract manufacturing, alternative work arrangements, and alliances, than in other industries. This model was tested using data from 330 U.S. manufacturing industries.