Displacing the Family: Union Army Pensions and Elderly Living Arrangements
利用美国联邦军人养老金项目估计收入对老年人独居的影响，发现收入增加显著提高了老年人独立居住的需求，并比较了1940年前后收入作用的差异。
The author investigates the factors that fostered the rise in separate living quarters for the aged prior to Social Security by estimating the income effect of the first major pension program in the United States, that covering Union Army veterans. She finds that income substantially increased demand for separate living arrangements, suggesting that prior to 1940 rising incomes were the most important factor enabling the elderly to live alone. Comparisons with recent studies imply that income no longer plays as large a role, perhaps because income levels are now higher and independent living is both less expensive and more attractive. Copyright 1997 by the University of Chicago.