Collective Strategy: Social Ecology of Organizational Environments.
提出一个基于社会生态学的分析框架，研究组织间集体成员共同采取的战略行动，反驳了种群生态学对单个组织战略选择有效性的质疑，对商业政策领域有参考价值。
Population ecologists, emphasizing the powerful constraining influence of environment on organizational autonomy, challenge the validity of the notion of strategic choice, which is so central to the field of business policy. This criticism may apply legitimately at the level of single organizations, but it does not reduce the importance of strategic choice at the collective level of analysis. A framework for analyzing strategic actions undertaken jointly by members of interorganizational collectivities is offered, based on a social ecological approach.