Formal control and social control in domestic and international buyer–supplier relationships
研究长期买卖双方关系中正式控制与社会控制的采用原因及两者关系，发现国内关系中两者是替代品，国际关系中则是互补品，基于中国380家国内和200家国际企业的调查数据。
Abstract Focusing on long‐term buyer–supplier relationships, this article addresses two questions: (1) What are the antecedents that lead to the adoption of formal control, social control, or both? (2) What is the nature of the relationship between formal control and social control ‐ are they substitutes or complements? We develop a model to investigate the impact of the length of cooperation and institutionalization on the use of control mechanisms. Further, we argue that in China, formal control and social control may be substitutes in domestic buyer–supplier relationships, but they may be complements in international relationships. Survey data collected nationwide with executives in 380 domestic and 200 international buyer–supplier relationships in China are used to test our hypotheses.