Uncovering Nonlinear Structure In Real-Time Stock-Market Indexes: The S&P 500, the DAX, the Nikkei 225, and the FTSE-100
用两种统计检验和两种算法，分析全球四大股指的实时收益率，发现存在非线性依赖但非低维混沌，结果受参数影响大，数据以随机成分为主。
This article tests for nonlinear dependence and chaos in real-time returns on the world's four most important stock-market indexes. Both the Brock–Dechert–Scheinkman and the Lee, White, and Granger neural-network-based tests indicate persistent nonlinear structure in the series. Estimates of the Lyapunov exponents using the Nychka, Ellner, Gallant, and McCaffrey neural-net method and the Zeng, Pielke, and Eyckholt nearest-neighbor algorithm confirm the presence of nonlinear dependence in the returns on all indexes but provide no evidence of low-dimensional chaotic processes. Given the sensitivity of the results to the estimation parameters, we conclude that the data are dominated by a stochastic component.