Methods of coping with stress at work: A conceptual analysis and empirical study of measurement issues
通过四项针对不同职业人群的实证研究，提出了一种基于经验而非预设框架的应对方式分类，识别出理性任务导向、情绪释放、分心、被动合理化和社会支持五种常见应对形式。
Abstract The study of coping has assumed an increasingly central role in studies of work‐related stress. However the measurement of coping is poorly developed and is dominated by very general conceptual frameworks. The case for a descriptive classification of coping methods based on careful empirical work rather than pre‐determined conceptual frameworks is presented. The results of four studies of supervisors and administrators, nurses, teachers and church ministers are presented and compared. Principal components analysis of check‐lists developed specifically for each population revealed five forms of coping which emerged consistently across the studies. These components are rational task‐oriented behavior, emotional release, distraction, passive rationalization and social support. The limitations of existing conceptualizations and in particular the need to recognize the range and variety of palliative techniques are emphasized.