Diagnosing Management Development Needs: An Instrument Based on How Managers Develop
介绍了一个名为Benchmarks的工具，用于帮助管理者评估自身优缺点，该工具基于管理者如何发展而非他们做什么来设计，并提供了信效度信息。
Diagnosing developmental needs is an important first step in a systematic management development effort. An instrument (Benchmarks) has been designed to aid managers in assessing their strengths and weaknesses. The instrument has unique aspects: it was developedfrom studying how managers develop rather than what they do, and it allows for a separate assessment of managerialflaws. The development of the instrument resulted in a refined model of what is important to measure for developmental purposes. Reliability and validity information is presented as well as conceptual comparisons to other instruments.