Cuban-American Entrepreneurs: Chance, Complexity and Chaos
利用古巴移民到南佛罗里达的案例，扩展了移民创业模型，展示了混沌与复杂性理论如何解释创业中的偶然性，并揭示了创业理论中三个层次的普遍性。
Bouchikhi (1993) introduces themes from chaos and complexity theory to gain an understanding about chance in entrepreneurship. We expand on these themes using an example from the Cuban immigrants to South Florida to increase the dynamism of Waldinger et al.'s (1990) model of immigrant entrepreneurship. These complexity and chaos themes are: (1) large differences in outcomes can come from small differences in initial conditions; (2) largely unpredictable, radical changes can be intermixed with and become directly dependent on incremental, predictable changes; (3) short-term predictability can accompany long-term nonpredictability; (4) seemingly random patterns can show an apparent attraction to specific configurations; and (5), mutual influence among a small number of predictors can appear to be random. An example from among the leading Cuban-born entrepreneurs illustrates three levels of generality in entrepreneurship theory. Most generally, this person's career reflects abstract conclusions about entrepreneurship in the larger community. At a second level, it illustrates the uniqueness in the pattern of entrepreneurship for one sub-group, a specific age cadre. At a third level, it illustrates the uniquenesses of an individual's personal history. Insights at these three levels of generality appear as we follow a systematic, theory-based, case-study method.