An Economic Theory of the Evolutionary Emergence of Property Rights
建立模型解释资源稀缺和产出可争夺时，一种天生的、生物性的产权感如何演化形成，对理解产权起源和制度经济学有用。
We model the emergence of an innate, biological sense of property rights where resource scarcity and output contestability reign. Preferences evolve such that, in evolutionarily stable equilibrium, an object is valued more by an individual who possesses it, or has produced it, than if he is neither possessor nor producer. In a distributional contest for the object, the possessor/producer will devote more effort to retaining it than an interloper will to expropriating it. Asymmetry in preferences for an object between possessor/producer and interloper, and consequent asymmetry of efforts defending or expropriating it, constitute our concept of innate property rights.