Midnight Dumping: Public Policies and Illegal Disposal of Used Oil
研究美国废油非法倾倒的实证决定因素，发现合法处置成本上升和执法威胁减弱会显著增加非法倾倒，尤其限制合法处置的政策会导致大量替代性非法倾倒。
Many public policies for hazardous waste raise the costs of legal disposal. Concerned about substitution of illegal disposal, economists have instead recommended policies that reward desirable waste management alternatives. This article studies the empirical determinants of dumping as reported to the U.S. Emergency Response Notification Systems (ERNS). It analyzes the frequency of used oil dumping using count-data models. The results suggest that dumping is sensitive to the cost of legal waste management options, including disposal and reuse, and to the threat of enforcement. In particular, state policies that restrict legal disposal cause substantial substitution of illegal dumping.