Indirect Methods for Regulating Externalities Under Uncertainty
探讨通过干预与外部性相关的私人商品市场来调节外部性，比较从价税、从量税与数量标准等政策工具的优劣，并应用于国际贸易问题。
It is sometimes necessary or appropriate to correct an externality by intervening in the market for a privately traded commodity with which the externality is linked. In these situations ad valorem taxation is a viable policy option. It is argued that some combination of specific and ad valorem taxes will always outperform regulations which fix price administratively, but that quantity standards may outperform taxes. The analysis is applied to a problem in international trade.