Self-Reliance Before the Welfare State: Evidence from the Charity Organization Movement in the United States
研究了19世纪末美国慈善组织运动是否通过私人慈善替代福利来提升穷人自力更生能力，基于印第安纳波利斯25年家庭个案记录进行风险模型检验，结果未发现预期效果。
If replacing welfare with private charity has increased the self-reliance of the poor, the benefits would be observed in the charity organization movement of the late nineteenth century. Inebriation would subside, the heart would be cheered, earnings would rise, the “broken” would be “complete,” dependence would wither, and the classes would converge. If the benefits were large, they would have been large in Indianapolis—the beacon of charity in a Coasean landscape. The hypotheses are tested in hazard models using a sample from 25 years of household-level caseworker manuscripts. The evidence is not suggestive in the direction of hope.