The Trade-off between Child Quantity and Quality
实证研究家庭规模对子女学业表现的影响，发现家庭规模直接影响子女成绩，出生顺序优势源于更大概率出生在小家庭，而离婚率和母亲工作无显著影响。
An empirical investigation of trade-offs between number of children and their scholastic performance confirms that family size directly affects children's achievement. Though parents show no favoritism to first-born children, being early in the birth order implies a distinct advantage, entirely because of the higher probability of being in a small family. Recent large changes in family size explain a portion of aggregate test score declines, but increased divorce rates and market work by mothers have no apparent impact. Finally, teachers are shown to differ enormously, even though performance differences are poorly captured by commonly measured teacher characteristics. Copyright 1992 by University of Chicago Press.