Economics and underdetermination: a case study of urban land and housing economics
研究了不确定性（杜恒-奎因论题）在城市土地与住房经济学中的表现，指出主流方法难以回避该问题，而伊利及哥伦比亚学派基于实用主义的方法提供了更有效的解释基础。
Underdetermination, associated with the Duhem–Quine thesis, is a familiar if under-researched theme in economics. In the light of this, we examine the development of urban land and housing economics. Through its Cartesian dualistic delineation of theory and data, the contemporary mainstream approach appears unable to circumvent the problem of underdetermination. In effect, it employs the strong version of Duhem–Quine in its retention of the assumption of a single, unitary competitive market (and associated access–space trade-off). Conversely, we highlight the affinity of Ely's (and the later Columbia School's) approach to pragmatists Dewey and Peirce, which provides a more fruitful basis for explanation.